[Ross Nicol]

Hi Kalun
I wasn't being totally serious with that dig at you, so no offence intended.Asking a question and then directing replies is probably a time saving activity.
I agree with Jim a wide band Lambda sensor is certainly the equipment used for tuning in real time.The rattle he refers to is detonation and it's destructive effects well known. It is common for a tuner to advance ignition until detonation is detected and then provide a safety margin by backing the advance back by 2° or so.
This is critical at heavy loads but quite a lot of advance is possible at light loads.Makes the engine run smoothly.
Motec use an accelerator enrichment table to add fuel to the base maps for correcting stumbles and I would be sure most units would have this capability too.
It is possible to tune a lot of the fuel load maps while driving the car with a wide band sensor, meter, and laptop computer but data logging can be used to tune as well by analyzing retrieved data.
A nifty feature Motec have is what they call Quick lambda, what you do is create a target table of A/F ratios, when the lambda sensor gets a match, the injector open time is set for that fuel map location and on to the next one it goes.Saves a lot of screaming engine time on a dyno.
I get a sense of accomplishment after understanding even a small part of these complex systems but I enjoy the challenge.When you think about the ability to tune A/F ratio for the whole rev and load range you begin to understand why a carby can not compete.

Ross